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Access to quality healthcare services is a constitutional right and a subject of economic scrutiny. In this sense, it is essential to incorporate principles of demand and supply to determine efficiency, effectiveness, values, and consumer preferences regarding healthcare. Another justification for embracing health economics is to account for national and global expenditures for healthcare services, equipment, and infrastructure.
Since everybody has the right to access quality care, countries invest massively in addressing social determinants of health that influence populations’ willingness to pay for healthcare services and insurance premiums. Despite these justifications, economists face a daunting endeavor when integrating standard principles of demand and supply into healthcare because it sometimes circumvents these guidelines due to underlying factors that influence accessibility, affordability, and quality.
As a result, this paper compares supply and demand for healthcare services and an automobile while emphasizing current legislative trends and the impacts of different reimbursement models on services demand and supply.
Demand refers to the consumers’ desire to purchase goods and services alongside their willingness to pay the price for specific goods or services. On the other hand, supply entails the number of goods or services available to customers at a given price when other factors are constant. When discussing demand and supply for a particular good or service, it is essential to consider price/cost as the primary factor influencing an individual’s purchase power.
However, it is fundamental to approach the demand and supply for healthcare as uniquely different from other consumer entities like automobiles due to various distinctive features. According to Folland et al. (2017), demand and supply for healthcare services are partially consistent with the normal economic principles due to the presence of uncertainties, prominence of insurance, the problem of information, restrictions on competition, government subsidies, and public provisions, and the ever-expanding roles of non-profit firms.
As noted earlier, the demand for healthcare services often circumvents the standard principles of economics. In this sense, factors influencing consumers’ willingness to pay for services extend beyond the service price. Folland et al. (2017) contend that healthcare differs from other goods because consumers do not respond to financial incentives (p. 42).
However, price matters when it comes to accessibility to healthcare services because people are willing to access more services when they become less costly in terms of out-of-pocket expenses. At this point, government incentives and insurance premiums significantly lower out-of-pocket costs, increasing demand for quality care services.
When considering how prices influence demand for healthcare services, it is clear that similar trends manifest in the automobile industry since the demand for care increases with decreased costs and vice versa. The inverse relationship between price and demand is consistent in almost all consumer goods, including healthcare services and automobiles.
Another similarity between healthcare services and automobiles is the role of personal income in determining individual purchase power. When income increases, customers are more willing and able to pay for healthcare services and insurance premiums. Similarly, increased income translates to higher demand for expensive automobiles if other factors are constant.
Complements are related goods or services whose changes influence the demand for complementary goods or services (Ghorban, 2021). Consumers’ access to various complementary services is common in healthcare because they guarantee care coordination and quality. For example, the demand for contact lenses may influence the number of optometrist visits at a given time.
Considering the demand for complementary goods, such as fuel and spare parts, is essential before settling on a specific automotive model in the automobile industry. To sum up the synergies between complementary goods and services, it is possible to argue that an increase in price for a good or service translates to decreased demand for its complement in a perfect market.
Similarly, the availability of substitute goods and services determines the demand for healthcare services and automobiles. In this sense, a substitute is a good or a service that offers similar characteristics and satisfies the same wants. Substitutes include generic drugs and service providers providing similar services in the healthcare sector.
In the automobile industry, substitutes may be competing for car models that claim market share by providing many sought-after features. According to Ghorban (2021), people are willing to demand a substitute product if it proves more effective than its alternatives. As a result, an increase in price for a product or service will prompt customers to favor alternatives, increasing their demand. The inverse relationship between the price of one product or service and the subsequent demand for its alternative (s) applies to healthcare and automobiles.
Individual perceptions of quality significantly influence demand for healthcare services and automobiles. When purchasing a car, evaluating quality measures such as fuel consumption, technology, energy efficiency, and safety factors is possible. In this sense, such factors influence individual willingness to pay for a particular model.
In the healthcare sector, patients’ perceptions of quality rely massively on care coordination, timeliness, proceed efficiency, and the plausibility of achieving positive medical outcomes and improved health. Other healthcare quality indicators are service price, accessibility, and policies for improving healthcare services. When services and goods satisfy individual preferences, customers become more interested in making purchases, increasing their demand.
A demand curve illustrates healthcare services and automobiles in a hypothetical market for a given period. In this sense, it is possible to determine the interactions between factors that influence customers’ ability to pay for services or goods. When comparing the demand curve for healthcare services and automobiles, it is essential to note the similarities and differences between the two industries.
As earlier stated, the healthcare sector sometimes circumvents these basic principles of economics because of the underlying factors such as the role of government in controlling prices, insufficient information by customers, insurance, and the perception of health as an investment. However, the two Industries share various factors that influence demand.
An increase in price for healthcare services or automobiles reduces demand, making the curve shift to the left side. Similarly, increasing income enables consumers to pay for cars or healthcare services, increasing their demand. Therefore, the curve shifts to the right upon increased customer income. Finally, an increase in price for substitutes services and goods increases the demand for alternatives, shifting their curves to the right.
Although price, substitutes, complements, and income influence the demand for healthcare services, there are exceptions where these factors do not influence the demand for services. According to Folland et al. (2017), patients may ignore the impact of increased prices for healthcare services because health is an investment rather than an expense.
In this sense, people are willing to pay for services regardless of their prices when the need arises. This factor renders healthcare services inelastic, meaning the demand curve would not shift to the left even after increasing the price of services. Conversely, the automobile industry is highly elastic, meaning customers make trade-offs and consider options following upsurging prices that make the demand curve shift to the left.
Supply refers to the number of goods and the nature of services available to customers at a given price for a particular time. Healthcare providers such as drug manufacturers and caregivers determine supplies depending on various factors, including technological change, inputs price, industry size, insurance coverage, and prices of production-related goods (Folland et al., 2019, p. 61).
On the other hand, technological changes, input prices, and production-related goods determine the supply of automobiles. Although these industries share factors that influence the supply of goods and services, the healthcare sector contains additional aspects, including coinsurance and indemnity insurance, that reduce out-of-pocket expenses, affecting subsequent supplies.
Advanced technologies, input prices, and production-related goods result in increased supply to maximize profit. An increase in supply shifts the supply curve to the right and vice versa. Healthcare services are prone to advancing technologies, leading to increased supply and enhanced services. Also, increasing input prices in labor and processes prompt health organizations to increase supply to match these developments. Similarly, these trends consistently determine the supply of automobiles.
However, healthcare services are prone to exogenous factors that alter the movement of the supply curve. For instance, coinsurance and indemnity insurance reduce out-of-pocket expenses, increasing the supply shifting the curve towards the right. Another factor that increases the supply of healthcare services is the improvement of transport and communication systems that allow people to access services and vice versa.
Medicare and Medicaid are the most prominent policies determining the demand and supply of healthcare services in the United States. According to Guth et al. (2020), studies show that Medicaid and Medicare increase access to care, enhance health outcomes, strengthen providers’ capacity, and guarantee financial security by reducing out-of-pocket expenses.
As stated earlier, reducing out-of-pocket expenses by subsiding care services through insurance premiums increases demand for quality care while strengthening providers’ capacity to provide quality care. More significantly, Medicaid expansion policies proposed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 are fundamental in addressing the problem of uninsured and underinsured populations. As a result, these policy priorities consistently increase the supply and demand for quality care services by guaranteeing access to coinsurance and comprehensive coverage for various health services.
Although Medicare and Medicaid legislation increases demand and supply for healthcare services, some states are yet to expand Medicaid, meaning they still grapple with the high rate of uninsured and underinsured populations. According to Shrank et al. (2020), states face various challenges in implementing ACA provisions, including high premium rates, stagnant wages, growing national debts, and strained local budgets. These constraints contribute to difficulties when paying for insurance premiums.
Eventually, uninsured people affect the demand and supply of healthcare services by increasing uncompensated care. Although the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) of 1986 requires healthcare organizations to provide emergency care to patients regardless of their insurance status and ability to pay, high rates of uninsured patients lead to increased uncompensated costs that reduce organizational capacity to provide quality care.
In the United States, employers, private insurance companies, national and state governments, and patients are the main payers of healthcare services. In this sense, employers, the national government, and states reimburse healthcare services through various models, including the Beveridge system (national health model), the Bismarck system (social insurance model), and private insurance. On the other hand, uninsured patients pay for healthcare services primarily through the out-of-pocket model (Crowley et al., 2020). These reimbursement models have varied effects on the supply and demand for healthcare services.
The national health insurance model entails a scenario where the government acts as a single-payer to provide universal coverage. This system improves demand and supply for healthcare services by creating affordable premiums that enable people to access quality care. On the other hand, the Bismarck system entails compulsory enrollment insurance plans that cover employees. It contributes to financial security, access to quality care, and a high demand for reliable services. Finally, private insurance and out-of-pocket models allow people to purchase insurance premiums from their income. These reimbursement models are expensive and inefficient for people of low income, reducing their demand for healthcare services.
The demand and supply for healthcare services rely massively upon various endogenous and exogenous factors, including government policies, insurance, consumer preferences, income, prices, and the availability of complements and substitutes. Unlike other consumer goods and products such as automobiles, healthcare services are prone to uncertainties, lack of consumer information, non-profit motives, restrictions on competition, and consumer ignorance. These factors affect the supply and demand curves for healthcare services. When considering the effects of these factors, it is possible to understand the role of current policies such as Medicare and Medicaid on the demand and supply of healthcare services.
Crowley, R., Daniel, H., Cooney, T., & Engel, L. (2020). Envisioning a better U.S. Health care system for all: Coverage and cost of care. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 172(2_Supplement), S7. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-2415
Folland, S., Goodman, A., & Stano, M. (2017). The economics of health and health care (8th ed.). Routledge.
Ghorbani, A. (2021). Demand for Health and Healthcare. Healthcare Access, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98915
Guth, M., Garfield, R., & Rudowitz, R. (2020). The effects of Medicaid expansion under the ACA: Updated findings from a literature review (pp. 1–100). KFF. https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-The-Effects-of-Medicaid-Expansion-under-the-ACA-Updated-Findings-from-a-Literature-Review.pdf
Shrank, W., DeParle, N., Gottlieb, S., Jain, S., Orszag, P., Powers, B., & Wilensky, G. (2021). Health costs and financing: Challenges and strategies for a new administration. Health Affairs, 40(2), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01560
Write 7-9 pages that compare different models of supply and demand, as well as analyze how legislation and reimbursement methods impact supply and demand for health care.
As we take a closer look at the demand side of economics, we will consider how need versus demand is different and how this impacts planning and policy in the health care environment. Demand is typically initiated by the patient; however, provider involvement significantly impacts demand. Since the patient is dependent on the provider for expertise and medical opinion, there is a risk that demand will be increased. This is unique to the health care industry since consumers are not typically as dependent on the supplier of a service in other industries when making a purchase.
Another important driver of demand is the insurance company. Patients initiate the health care service but are not responsible to pay the bill—and this has the potential to skew the demand curve. This is one of the ideas behind high-deductible health care and the effort to control the consumption of services by making the patient responsible for a higher percentage of the overall bill. Finally, you will be offered an opportunity to think about the implications of free medical care and how that may impact the demand for health care services.
Like the demand curve, the health care field presents unique and interesting challenges to the supply of health care. You will be introduced to the concept of economic efficiency and the impact of inefficiencies on cost. The production function will be further explored, which is the relationship between the output of a product or service compared to the resources used to produce it (Feldstein, 2012). Competition, market structure, market performance, and public policies as they relate to the supply of health care services will be discussed as well.
The evolution of health care insurance has impact aspects health care economics such as price competition, medical loss ratios, and risk. As you prepare to complete the assessment consider the role that copays, coinsurance, and deductibles play on the demand curve and reflect on your opinions related to the effectiveness of high-deductible health plans in controlling the demand of health care services.
Reference
Feldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics (7th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze historical perspectives and current trends in the health care industry.
Explain current legislative trends that influence the supply and demand of health care. Competency 2: Assess the United States health care system from an economic perspective.
Compare and contrast the demand of health care services with the demand of an automobile.
Compare and contrast the supply of health care services with the supply of an automobile. Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic reimbursement trends, methods, and technology.
Analyze reimbursement methods that influence the supply and demand of health care services.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
The basic economic laws of supply and demand do not work the same way in the health care industry as they do in other industries. A few of the contributing issues include: demand cannot be restricted to only those with an ability to pay since health care is considered a basic human right (need versus demand), demand is increased due to a third party (insurance or government) that pays for the service, and our supply is limited based on a highly skilled human resource variable (physicians).
In this assessment, you will consider these contributing issues and others that you identify in your research as they relate to the free market. Compare and contrast the laws of supply and demand of the health care industry with that of the automobile industry and explain how the economic structure of the health care industry is different from other industries. Reviewing the following media pieces may help to solidify your understanding of the economic concepts and industries relevant to this assessment.
Health Care Supply and Demand | Transcript. Supply, Demand, & Reimbursement | Transcript.
Also, make sure to consult the scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving at your desired rubric level.
Identify the key contributing factors that determine supply of health care
Written Communication: Prepare an assessment free of errors that detract from the overall message, with writing that is clear, precise, and scholarly. Concepts flow in a logical order.
References: Cite at least three references from peer-reviewed journals, in addition to your text.
Length: Submit 7–9 pages.
APA: Use correct APA style and formatting. You may wish to use or consult the following: APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX].
APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]. APA Style and Format.
Related Assignments:
BHA-FPX 4112 Assessment 3 Instructions: National Health Insurance in the United States
Access to quality healthcare services is a constitutional right and a subject of economic scrutiny. In this sense, it is essential to incorporate principles of demand and supply to determine efficiency, effectiveness, values, and consumer preferences regarding healthcare. Another justification for embracing health economics is to account for national and global expenditures for healthcare services, equipment, and infrastructure.
Since everybody has the right to access quality care, countries invest massively in addressing social determinants of health that influence populations’ willingness to pay for healthcare services and insurance premiums. Despite these justifications, economists face a daunting endeavor when integrating standard principles of demand and supply to healthcare because it sometimes circumvents these guidelines due to underlying factors that influence accessibility, affordability, and quality.
As a result, this paper compares supply and demand for healthcare services and an automobile while emphasizing current legislative trends and the impacts of different reimbursement models on services demand and supply.
Demand refers to the consumers’ desire to purchase goods and services alongside their willingness to pay the price for specific goods or services. On the other hand, supply entails the number of goods or services available to customers at a given price when other factors are constant. When discussing demand and supply for a particular good or service, it is essential to consider price/cost as the primary factor influencing an individual’s purchase power.
However, it is fundamental to approach the demand and supply for healthcare as uniquely different from other consumer entities like automobiles due to various distinctive features. According to Folland, Goodman & Stano (2017), demand and supply for healthcare services are partially consistent with the normal economic principles due to the presence of uncertainties, prominence of insurance, the problem of information, restrictions on competition, government subsidies, and public provisions, and the ever-expanding roles of non-profit firms.
As noted earlier, the demand for healthcare services often circumvents the standard principles of economics. In this sense, factors influencing consumers’ willingness to pay for services extend beyond the service price. Folland, Goodman & Stano (2017) contend that healthcare differs from other goods because consumers do not respond to financial incentives (p. 42).
However, price matters when it comes to accessibility to healthcare services because people are willing to access more services when they become less costly in terms of out-of-pocket expenses. At this point, government incentives and insurance premiums significantly lower out-of-pocket costs, increasing demand for quality care services.
When considering how prices influence demand for healthcare services, it is clear that similar trends manifest in the automobile industry since the demand for care increases with decreased price and vice versa. In this, the inverse relationship between price and demand is consistent in almost all consumer goods, including healthcare services and automobiles.
Another similarity between healthcare services and automobiles is the role of personal income in determining individual purchase power. When income increases, customers are more willing and able to pay for healthcare services and insurance premiums. Similarly, increased income translates to higher demand for the expensive automobile if other factors are constant.
Complements are related goods or services whose changes influence the demand for complementary goods or services (Ghorban, 2021). Consumers’ access to various complementary services is common in healthcare because they guarantee care coordination and quality. For example, the demand for contact lenses may influence the number of optometrist visits at a given time.
It is essential to consider the demand for complementary goods such as fuel and spare parts before settling on a specific automotive model in the automobile industry. To sum up the synergies between complementary goods and services, it is possible to argue that an increase in price for a good or service translates to decreased demand for its complement in a perfect market.
Similarly, the availability of substitute goods and services determines the demand for healthcare services and automobiles. In this sense, a substitute is a good or a service that offers similar characteristics and satisfy the same wants. Substitutes include generic drugs and service providers providing similar services in the healthcare sector. In the automobile industry, substitutes may be competing for car models that claim market share by providing many sought-after features.
According to Ghorban (2021), people are willing to demand a substitute product if it proves more effective than its alternatives. As a result, an increase in price for a product or service will prompt customers to favor alternatives, increasing their demand. The inverse relationship between the price of one product or service and the subsequent demand for its alternative (s) applies to healthcare and automobiles.
Individual perceptions of quality significantly influence demand for healthcare services and automobiles. When purchasing a car, it is possible to evaluate quality measures such as fuel consumption, technology, energy efficiency, and safety factors. In this sense, such factors influence individual willingness to pay for a particular model.
In the healthcare sector, patients’ perceptions of quality rely massively on care coordination, timeliness, proceed efficiency, and the plausibility of achieving positive medical outcomes and improved health. Other healthcare quality indicators are service price, accessibility, and policies for improving healthcare services. When services and goods satisfy individual preferences, customers become more interested in making purchases, increasing their demand.
A demand curve illustrates healthcare services and automobiles in a hypothetical market for a given period. In this sense, it is possible to determine the interactions between factors that influence customers’ ability to pay for services or goods. When comparing the demand curve for healthcare services and automobiles, it is essential to note the similarities and differences between the two industries.
As earlier stated, the healthcare sector sometimes circumvents these basic principles of economics because of the underlying factors such as the role of government in controlling prices, insufficient information by customers, insurance, and the perception of health as an investment. However, the two Industries share various factors that influence demand.
An increase in price for healthcare services or automobiles reduces demand making the curve shift to the left side. Similarly, an increase in income enables consumers to pay for cars or healthcare services, increasing their demand. Therefore, the curve shifts to the right upon increased customer income. Finally, an increase in price for substitutes services and goods increases the demand for alternatives, making their curves shift to the right.
Although price, substitutes, complements, and income influence the demand for healthcare services, there are exceptions where these factors do not influence the demand for services. According to Folland, Goodman & Stano (2017), patients may ignore the impact of increased prices for healthcare services because health is an investment rather than an expense.
In this sense, people are willing to pay for services regardless of their prices when the need arises. This factor renders healthcare services inelastic, meaning the demand curve would not shift to the left even after increasing the price of services. Conversely, the automobile industry is highly elastic, meaning customers make trade-offs and consider options following upsurging prices that make the demand curve shift to the left.
Supply refers to the number of goods and the nature of services available to customers at a given price for a particular time. Healthcare providers such as drug manufacturers and caregivers determine supplies depending on various factors, including technological change, inputs price, industry size, insurance coverage, and prices of production-related goods (Folland, Goodman & Stano, 2019, p. 61).
On the other hand, technological changes, input prices, and production-related goods determine the supply of automobiles. Although these industries share factors that influence the supply of goods and services, the healthcare sector contains additional aspects, including coinsurance and indemnity insurance that reduce out-of-pocket expenses, affecting the subsequent supplies.
Advanced technologies, inputs prices, and production-related goods result in increased supply to maximize profit. An increase in supply makes the supply curve shift to the right and vice versa. Healthcare services are prone to advancing technologies that lead to increased supply and enhanced services. Also, increasing inputs prices in labor and processes prompt health organizations to increase supply to match these developments. Similarly, these trends consistently determine the supply of automobiles.
However, healthcare services are prone to exogenous factors that alter the movement of the supply curve. For instance, coinsurance and indemnity insurance reduce out-of-pocket expenses, increasing the supply, shifting the curve towards the right. Another factor that increases the supply for healthcare services is the improvement of transport and communication systems that allow people to access services and vice versa.
Medicare and Medicaid are the most prominent policies determining the demand and supply for healthcare services in the United States. According to Guth, Garfield & Rudowitz (2020), studies show that Medicaid and Medicare increase access to care, enhance health outcomes, strengthen providers’ capacity, and guarantee financial security by reducing out-of-pocket expenses. As stated earlier, reducing out-of-pocket expenses by subsiding care services through insurance premiums increases demand for quality care while strengthening providers’ capacity to provide quality care.
More significantly, Medicaid expansion policies proposed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 are fundamental in addressing the problem of uninsured and underinsured populations. As a result, these policy priorities consistently increase the supply and demand for quality care services by guaranteeing access to coinsurance and comprehensive coverage for various health services.
Although Medicare and Medicaid legislation increases demand and supply for healthcare services, some states are yet to expand Medicaid, meaning they still grapple with the high rate of uninsured and underinsured populations. According to Shrank et al. (2020), states face various challenges implementing ACA provisions, including high premium rates, stagnant wages, growing national debts, and strained local budgets. These constraints contribute to difficulties when paying for insurance premiums.
Eventually, uninsured people affect demand and supply for healthcare services by increasing uncompensated care. Although the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) of 1986 requires healthcare organizations to provide emergency care to patients regardless of their insurance status and ability to pay, high rates of uninsured patients lead to increased uncompensated costs that reduce organizational capacity to provide quality care.
In the United States, employers, private insurance companies, national and state governments, and patients are the main payers of healthcare services. In this sense, employers, the national government, and states reimburse healthcare services through various models, including, Beveridge system (national health model), the Bismarck system (social insurance model), and private insurance. On the other hand, uninsured patients pay for healthcare services primarily through the out-of-pocket model (Crowley et al., 2020). These reimbursement models have varied effects on the supply and demand for healthcare services.
The national health insurance model entails a scenario where the government acts as a single-payer to provide universal coverage. This system improves demand and supply for healthcare services by creating affordable premiums that enable people to access quality care. On the other hand, the Bismarck system entails compulsory enrollment insurance plans that cover employees. It contributes to financial security, access to quality care, and high demand for reliable services. Finally, private insurance and out-of-pocket models allow people to purchase insurance premiums from their income. These reimbursement models are expensive and inefficient for people of low income, reducing their demand for healthcare services.
The demand and supply for healthcare services rely massively upon various endogenous and exogenous factors, including government policies, insurance, consumer preferences, income, prices, and the availability of complements and substitutes. Unlike other consumer goods and products such as automobiles, healthcare services are prone to uncertainties, lack of consumer information, non-profit motives, restrictions on competition, and consumer ignorance. These factors affect the supply and demand curves for healthcare services. When considering the effects of these factors, it is possible to understand the role of current policies such as Medicare and Medicaid on the demand and supply for healthcare services.
Crowley, R., Daniel, H., Cooney, T., & Engel, L. (2020). Envisioning a better U.S. Health care system for all: Coverage and cost of care. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 172(2_Supplement), S7. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-2415
Folland, S., Goodman, A., & Stano, M. (2017). The economics of health and health care (8th ed.). Routledge.
Ghorbani, A. (2021). Demand for Health and Healthcare. Healthcare Access, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98915
Guth, M., Garfield, R., & Rudowitz, R. (2020). The effects of Medicaid expansion under the ACA: Updated findings from a literature review (pp. 1-100). KFF. https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-The-Effects-of-Medicaid-Expansion-under-the-ACA-Updated-Findings-from-a-Literature-Review.pdf
Shrank, W., DeParle, N., Gottlieb, S., Jain, S., Orszag, P., Powers, B., & Wilensky, G. (2021). Health costs and financing: Challenges and strategies for a new administration. Health Affairs, 40(2), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01560
Write a 2-4-page executive summary recommending resource investment in a program based on its potential to deliver positive health and economic outcomes.
As a health care professional, you must have a foundational, high-level understanding of health care economics:
One part of this foundation comes from understanding:
The basic laws of economics as they apply to the health care industry.
How the health care system creates unique economic challenges and burdens on all stakeholders.
Another part of this foundation comes from understanding:
The history and trends in health care economics around such topics as the role of the government and government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Trends in patient payments.
The resulting changes in health care expenditures, as well as areas for improvement in the health care system (Feldstein, 2012).
Another key is understanding the concepts and processes involved in the production of health care: Multiple inputs influence health and wellness.
Medical care is only one input, although a significant one.
The health production function and decision rules for allocating health care resources is a key component of the first assessment in this course. For this assessment, think about the ways in which health production efficiency, both technical and economical, can help drive decisions on the allocation of resources (inputs) to drive improved patient health and results (outcomes) (Feldstein, 2012).
Reference
Feldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics (7th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze historical perspectives and current trends in the health care industry.
Describe the current state of a health care organization with regards to alignments to historical health care industry trends. Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better align itself with current trends in the health care industry.
Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic reimbursement trends, methods, and technology.
Analyze two current programs in a health care setting with regards to the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to health outcome rates and patients served.
Competency 4: Analyze how economic and stakeholder influences affect operational planning and decision making.
Propose whether to reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available resources and projects outputs. Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is
consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
The ability to research, examine, and determine the most efficient ways to allocate resources in order to produce to best health outcomes is a key competency for health care economic professionals. In the complex field of health care, there will always be multiple ways and multiple programs in which an organization can invest resources.
It is the health care economics professional’s responsibility to examine the cost of the inputs in comparison to the historic or projected output of health and then make recommendations regarding investment. Looking at investment is not always entirely about the amount of positive outputs—technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and stakeholder priorities will all also play a part (Feldstein, 2012). Being able to not only understand and crunch the numbers, but also navigate these other considerations, is vital in becoming an effective health care economics professional.
You are a health care economics professional with specific expertise in using a health production function to allocate resources. A member of the Board of Directors has asked you to prepare an executive summary that will help the board understand the current practices of the organization and where the organization should align itself in light of current and emerging trends.
Additionally, you have been asked to analyze the inputs and outputs of two current programs in the organization in order to make allocation recommendations about how to best utilize the available resources to achieve the best possible outputs for the programs.
This assessment has three main parts:
The first part is your examination of the organization’s current practices and alignments with historical health care trends, as well as how the organization needs to change to align itself with current and emerging
If you have not already, it may be helpful to complete the formative activity to check your understanding of the economic concepts relevant to this assessment.
Economic Elements in Health Care | Transcript.
Consult the scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving your desired rubric level.
Describe the current state of a health care organization with regards to alignments to historical health care industry trends. (Competency 1)
For this, use either an organization that you currently or previously had worked for, have researched as an organization you would like to work for in the future, or one that was present in the textbook or other research you conducted.
Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better align itself with current trends in the health care industry. (Competency 1)
Continue using the organization that you described to meet the first scoring guide criteria.
Analyze two current programs in a health care setting with regards to the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to health outcome rates and patients served. (Competency 3)
As noted in the instructions above, you may use program examples from your textbook, your own research, or your own organization. Be sure you choose examples for which you can report the inputs, outputs, and approximate patients served.
Propose whether to reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available resources and projects outputs. (Competency 4)
Use the two programs you analyzed in Part II. It will be helpful to cite evidence (literature, your textbook, or current health improvement initiatives [like those being pursued via your state’s Department of Health] to help support your proposals.
Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting. (Competency 4) Make explicit reference to the stakeholders and their statements in the Scenario section for this assessment, or to specific examples from your current or former career experiences.
Written Communication: Prepare an executive summary free of errors that detract from the overall message. Writing must be clear, precise, and scholarly, with concepts that flow in a logical order.
References: Cite at least three references from peer-reviewed journals, in addition to your text.
Length: Submit a 2–3-page executive summary, not including any title or reference page.
APA: Use correct APA style and formatting. You may find it helpful to use the following: APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX].
APA Style Paper Template [DOCX].
APA Style and Format.
Related Assignments:
BHA-FPX 4112 Assessment 3 Instructions: National Health Insurance in the United States
Create an 8-12-slide PowerPoint that presents a potential pathway and plan to implement a national health insurance program in the United States.
As you explore the physician services market and the hospital market, you will have an opportunity to explore concepts such as supplier-induced demand and cost shifting. The efficiency of physician and hospital services will be explored, as well as price competition of both physicians and hospitals. Since the price that a hospital or physician charges for services is rarely paid, you will have the opportunity to think about the relevance of price and why we even have prices today.
National health insurance is a highly debated topic in the United States. This assessment focus on creating an outline for a plausible national health insurance program, which will bring into consideration a number of factors, such as financing structure of national health insurance, and think about the advantages and disadvantages of a single-payer system, employee mandates, and refundable tax credits.
You will have an opportunity to look at our neighbor, Canada, and compare the Canadian health system to that of the United States. What are some of the benefits of the Canadian health care system and do those benefits outweigh the costs, such as longer wait times? As you finalize your assessment you will pick a side—for or against—national health insurance.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze historical perspectives and current trends in the health care industry.
Explain how legislation has supported or failed to support national health insurance in the United States.
Competency 2: Assess the United States health care system from an economic perspective.
Analyze the implications of national health insurance on access, utilization, technological advancements, cost, and growth in the United States.
Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic reimbursement trends, methods, and technology.
Explain the necessary reimbursement changes that would be required to transition to national health insurance in the United States.
Competency 4: Analyze how economic and stakeholder influences affect operational planning and decision making.
Explain the necessary operational changes that would be required to transition to national health insurance in the United States.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
For almost a century, the U.S. health care system has been a hot topic of debate and a central issue in all political agendas. Many argue that the United States should have national health insurance, similar to Canada, so care is accessible to everyone. Others argue that national health insurance leads to longer wait times and decreased quality.
In this assessment, you will consider everything you have learned in this course, including the history of the U.S. health care system, reimbursement methodologies, technology, and operational concerns. Make an argument, grounded in research, for whether or not the United States should implement national health insurance. Reviewing the media piece National Health Care Trade-Offs | Transcript before beginning your assessment may help you to better understand what areas of a national health insurance program you believe are most important, as well as the trade-offs needed to pursue your priorities.
Also, make sure to consult the scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving at your desired rubric level.
Create an 8–12 slide PowerPoint within the context of a brown bag session for colleagues at your current organization or an organization for which you would like to work. The goal of this session is to share innovations and ideas on a truly national health insurance system in the United States, as well as the legislative, economic, and logistical considerations and trade-offs of your plan.
Include the following in your PowerPoint:
Explain the necessary operational changes that would be required to transition to national health insurance in the United (Competency 4)
Written and visual communication: Ensure content is clear, with correct spelling, grammar, and syntax, and well organized to support orderly exposition of content. The writing and visuals should enhance the message. Avoid errors that detract from the message.
PowerPoint slide formatting:
Write each slide, except the title and references slides, with a bold headline and up to seven bullet points. Use as few words in each bullet point as needed to convey your message. Think of them as subheadings. Enter all details and supporting information in the Notes area below the slides.
Length: Compose 12–18 slides.
References: Cite at least three current scholarly or professional resources.
APA formatting: Use APA style for references and citations. Remember to use in-text citation just as you would in a paper-style written assignment. You may find it helpful to consult the following resources:
APA Style and Format.
University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre (UPMC) is a non-profit organization that provides community healthcare to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, local community. For more than a decade, the institution has been providing a range of healthcare services for the Pittsburgh community.
The current state of UPMC, regarding its alignment with the historical trends in the healthcare industry, concerns its potential to improve poor customer satisfaction ratings and its currently outdated equipment. Patients are continually expecting more out of their hospital visits. Therefore, health institutions must pay attention to every detail that influences customer satisfaction, from how they are greeted at the main entrance to the length of waiting time at the emergency room and how the service providers interact with them (Gooch, 2019).
According to O’Neill & Cosentino (2020), reduced satisfaction ratings can contribute to reduced insurance reimbursement claims from health insurance schemes, leading to poor hospital reputations and reduced revenue. Consequently, health organizations need to update their services and align themselves with the current trends in the healthcare industry. As per Rapport et al. (2019), this adaptability should be in all the critical areas of healthcare services, including reimbursement regulations, workflow adjustments, tele-pharmacy, telemedicine, and any other areas that can improve patient satisfaction and organizational profitability.
In this regard, Vogenberg and Santilli (2018) argued that healthcare leaders must always be prepared for change and have the skills to implement beneficial changes that come with either advancement in healthcare technology or general industry development. By being on the lookout for change, healthcare leaders secure patients’ health and well-being and employees’ general welfare.
Health organizations must, therefore, be ready for any change that comes by. The other recommendation given by O’Neill and Cosentino (2020) is that healthcare leaders must pay attention to changes in patient behavior and respond to them accordingly. Healthcare leaders must timely, transparently communicate with patients and employees to ensure efficient delivery of satisfactory services. Lastly, the leaders must be engaged, proactive, and committed to future healthcare industry changes.
UPMC department of dialysis center contributes a large percentage of minority communities in Pittsburgh, who can hardly afford good healthcare. The community members experience various health problems, including chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. UPMC formed the Diabetes Prevention Support Center at the University of Pittsburgh, whose main objective is to develop strategies for reducing and managing diabetes within the community. Apart from diagnosing and educating community members, the program provides dialysis treatment to both insured and non-insured members of the community.
For the program to effectively operate, some of the inputs required include nurses, physicians, funding to purchase dialysis equipment. Utilizing these outputs will yield various outputs including improved community awareness about diabetes, including the importance of physical exercise and healthy eating. The Diabetes Prevention Support Center University of Pittsburgh has currently impacted hundreds of residences in Pittsburgh.
The second program run by UPMC is UPMC Men’s Healthcare, which is dedicated to diagnosing and treating conditions affecting men’s reproductive health. The program specializes in absent or delayed ejaculation, lower testosterone, male infertility, premature ejaculation, and pyronine’s disease. The program encourages men to live a healthy sexual life through regular sexual health check-ups, a healthy diet, and physical activity. For the program to be successful, the facility requires various inputs, such as funding for equipment, educational resources, and staffing. Many men have benefited from the program (Trent, 2021).
I would propose an increase in funding for the Diabetes Prevention Support Centre based on Pittsburgh’s projected prevalence rate of diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2019), there was a slight decrease in diabetes prevalence rate from 10.9% in 2018 to 10.2% in 2019. However, as per the same reports, this decrease is still relatively higher than the benchmark average of 10.1%, meaning that more effort is still needed to fight against diabetes within Pittsburgh.
Furthermore, as per the CDC (2020), diabetes is currently ranked the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, contributing to an average of 225 deaths yearly. As such, there must be a concerted effort by healthcare institutions towards reducing the prevalence of diabetes, especially among low-income earners. This can be achieved by increasing the funding directed towards the Diabetes Prevention Support Centre University of Pittsburgh program.
Regarding the UPMC Men’s Healthcare program, I propose that the current funding levels should be maintained but with a contingency plan for any future adjustments that may be needed. Currently, reproductive health conditions are among the leading causes of death in the United States De Jonge and Barratt (2019), making it an important area of focus and investment by healthcare organizations.
Moreover, because stakeholders in the UPMC Men’s Healthcare program are focused on positive outcomes, they should maintain the program’s funding to yield consistent results. Otherwise, they should consider reallocating the funds to other healthcare programs that can show reasonable results.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (2019). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Prevalence Data (2011 to present). Accessed 17th January 2022 from https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Behavioral-Risk-Factors/Behavioral-Risk-Factor-Surveillance-System-BRFSS-P/dttw-5yxu
CDC. (2020). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-statreport.
De Jonge, C., & Barratt, C. L. (2019). The present crisis in male reproductive health: an urgent need for a political, social, and research roadmap. Andrology, 7(6), 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12673
Gooch, K. (2019). Healthcare Leaders Share Daily Habits to Improve Patient Experience. Beckers Review. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospitalmanagement-administration/14-healthcare-leaders-share-tips-for-improving-the-patientexperience.
O’Neill, M., & Cosentino, D. (2020). Healthcare Industry Trends of 2020. ECG. Retrieved from https://www.ecgmc.com/thought-leadership/blog/2020-healthcare-industry-trends
Rapport, F., Hibbert, P., Baysari, M., Long, J. C., Seah, R., Zheng, W. Y., Jones, C., Preece, K., & Braithwaite, J. (2019). What Do Patients Really Want? An in-depth Examination of Patient Experience in Four Australian Hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3881-z
Trent, C. (2021). Enhancing Quality Primary & Specialty Care: Improving The Health Care Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) Patients at UPMC Community Medicine, Inc (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/id/eprint/40536
Vogenberg, F. R., & Santilli, J. (2018). Healthcare Trends for 2018. American Health & Drug Benefits, 11(1), 48–54.
Write a 2-4-page executive summary recommending resource investment in a program based on its potential to deliver positive health and economic outcomes.
As a health care professional, you must have a foundational, high-level understanding of health care economics:
One part of this foundation comes from understanding:
The basic laws of economics as they apply to the health care industry.
How the health care system creates unique economic challenges and burdens on all stakeholders.
Another part of this foundation comes from understanding:
The history and trends in health care economics around such topics as the role of the government and government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Trends in patient payments.
The resulting changes in health care expenditures, as well as areas for improvement in the health care system (Feldstein, 2012).
Another key is understanding the concepts and processes involved in the production of health care: Multiple inputs influence health and wellness.
Medical care is only one input, although a significant one.
The health production function and decision rules for allocating health care resources is a key component of the first assessment in this course. For this assessment, think about the ways in which health production efficiency, both technical and economical, can help drive decisions on the allocation of resources (inputs) to drive improved patient health and results (outcomes) (Feldstein, 2012).
Reference
Feldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics (7th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze historical perspectives and current trends in the health care industry.
Describe the current state of a health care organization with regards to alignments to historical health care industry trends. Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better align itself with current trends in the health care industry.
Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic reimbursement trends, methods, and technology.
Analyze two current programs in a health care setting with regards to the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to health outcome rates and patients served.
Competency 4: Analyze how economic and stakeholder influences affect operational planning and decision making.
Propose whether to reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available resources and projects outputs. Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
The ability to research, examine, and determine the most efficient ways to allocate resources in order to produce to best health outcomes is a key competency for health care economic professionals. In the complex field of health care, there will always be multiple ways and multiple programs in which an organization can invest resources. It is the health care economics professional’s responsibility to examine the cost of the inputs in comparison to the historic or projected output of health and then make recommendations regarding investment.
Looking at investment is not always entirely about the amount of positive outputs—technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and stakeholder priorities will all also play a part (Feldstein, 2012). Being able to not only understand and crunch the numbers, but also navigate these other considerations, is vital in becoming an effective health care economics professional.
You are a health care economics professional with specific expertise in using a health production function to allocate resources. A member of the Board of Directors has asked you to prepare an executive summary that will help the board understand the current practices of the organization and where the organization should align itself in light of current and emerging trends. Additionally, you have been asked to analyze the inputs and outputs of two current programs in the organization in order to make allocation recommendations about how to best utilize the available resources to achieve the best possible outputs for the programs.
This assessment has three main parts:
The first part is your examination of the organization’s current practices and alignments with historical health care trends, as well as how the organization needs to change to align itself with current and emerging
If you have not already, it may be helpful to complete the formative activity to check your understanding of the economic concepts relevant to this assessment.
Economic Elements in Health Care | Transcript.
Consult the scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving your desired rubric level.
Describe the current state of a health care organization with regards to alignments to historical health care industry trends. (Competency 1)
For this, use either an organization that you currently or previously had worked for, have researched as an organization you would like to work for in the future, or one that was present in the textbook or other research you conducted.
Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better align itself with current trends in the health care industry. (Competency 1)
Continue using the organization that you described to meet the first scoring guide criteria.
Analyze two current programs in a health care setting with regards to the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to health outcome rates and patients served. (Competency 3)
As noted in the instructions above, you may use program examples from your textbook, your own research, or your own organization. Be sure you choose examples for which you can report the inputs, outputs, and approximate patients served.
Propose whether to reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available resources and projects outputs. (Competency 4)
Use the two programs you analyzed in Part II. It will be helpful to cite evidence (literature, your textbook, or current health improvement initiatives [like those being pursued via your state’s Department of Health] to help support your proposals.
Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting. (Competency 4) Make explicit reference to the stakeholders and their statements in the Scenario section for this assessment, or to specific examples from your current or former career experiences.
University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre (UPMC) is a non-profit organization that provides community healthcare to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, local community. For more than a decade, the institution has been providing a range of healthcare services for the Pittsburgh community.
The current state of UPMC with regards to its alignment with the historical trends in the healthcare industry concerns its potential to improve poor customer satisfaction ratings and its currently outdated equipment. Patients are continually expecting more out of their hospital visits. Therefore, health institutions must pay attention to every detail that influences customer satisfaction, from how they are greeted at the main entrance to the length of waiting time at the emergency room and how the service providers interact with them (Gooch, 2019).
According to O’Neill & Cosentino (2020), reduced satisfaction ratings can contribute to reduced insurance reimbursement claims from the health insurance schemes, leading to poor hospital reputations and reduced revenue. Consequently, health organizations need to update their services and align themselves to the current trends in the healthcare industry. As per Rapport et al. (2019), this adaptability should be in all the critical areas of healthcare services, including reimbursement regulations, workflow adjustments, tele-pharmacy, telemedicine, and any other areas that can improve patient satisfaction and organizational profitability.
In this regard, Vogenberg and Santilli (2018) argued that healthcare leaders must always be prepared for change and have the skills for implementing beneficial changes that come with either advancement in healthcare technology or general industry development. By being on the lookout for change, healthcare leaders secure the health and well-being of patients and the general welfare of employees.
Health organizations must therefore be ready for any change that comes by. The other recommendation given by O’Neill & Cosentino (2020) is that healthcare leaders must pay attention to changes in patient behavior and respond to them accordingly. Healthcare leaders must timely, transparently communicate with both patients and employees to ensure efficient delivery of satisfactory services. Lastly, the leaders must be engaged, proactive, and committed to any future changes within the healthcare industry.
UPMC department of dialysis center contributes a large percentage of minority communities in Pittsburgh, who can hardly afford good healthcare. The community members experience various health problems including chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. UPMC formed the Diabetes Prevention Support Center University of Pittsburgh, whose main objective is to develop strategies for reducing and managing diabetes within the community. Apart from diagnosing and educating community members, the program provides dialysis treatment to both insured and non-insured members of the community.
For the program to effectively operate, some of the inputs required include nurses, physicians, funding to purchase dialysis equipment. Utilizing these outputs will yield various outputs including improved community awareness about diabetes, including the importance of physical exercise and healthy eating. The Diabetes Prevention Support Center University of Pittsburgh has currently impacted hundreds of residences in Pittsburgh.
The second program run by UPMC is the UPMC Men’s Healthcare, which is dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting men’s reproductive health. The program specializes in absent or delayed ejaculation, lower testosterone, male infertility, premature ejaculation, and pyronine’s disease. The program encourages men to live a healthy sexual life through regular sexual health check-ups, a healthy diet, and physical activity. For the program to be successful, the facility requires various inputs such as funding for equipment, educational resources, and staffing. Many men have benefited from the program (Trent, 2021).
I would propose an increase in funding for the Diabetes Prevention Support Centre based on Pittsburgh’s projected prevalence rate of diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2019), there was a slight decrease in diabetes prevalence rate from 10.9% in 2018 to 10.2% in 2019. However, as per the same reports, this decrease is still relatively higher than the benchmark average of 10.1%, meaning that more effort is still needed in the fight against diabetes within Pittsburgh.
Furthermore, as per the CDC (2020), diabetes is currently ranked the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, contributing to an average of 225 deaths yearly. As such, there must be a concerted effort by healthcare institutions towards reducing the prevalence of diabetes, especially among low-income earners. This can be achieved by increasing the funding directed towards the Diabetes Prevention Support Centre University of Pittsburgh program.
Regarding UPMC Men’s Healthcare program, I propose that the current funding levels should be maintained but with a contingency plan for any future adjustments that may be needed. Currently, reproductive health conditions are among the leading causes of death in the United States De Jonge and Barratt (2019), making it an important area of focus and investment by healthcare organizations. Moreover, because stakeholders in the UPMC Men’s Healthcare program are focused on positive outcomes, they should maintain the program’s funding to yield consistent results. Otherwise, they should consider reallocating the funds to other healthcare programs that can show reasonable results.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (2019). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Prevalence Data (2011 to present). Accessed 17th January 2022 from https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Behavioral-Risk-Factors/Behavioral-Risk-Factor-Surveillance-System-BRFSS-P/dttw-5yxu
CDC. (2020). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-statreport.
De Jonge, C., & Barratt, C. L. (2019). The present crisis in male reproductive health: an urgent need for a political, social, and research roadmap. Andrology, 7(6), 762-768. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12673
Gooch, K. (2019). Healthcare Leaders Share Daily Habits to Improve Patient Experience. Beckers Review. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospitalmanagement-administration/14-healthcare-leaders-share-tips-for-improving-the-patientexperience.
O’Neill, M., & Cosentino, D. (2020). Healthcare Industry Trends of 2020. ECG. Retrieved from https://www.ecgmc.com/thought-leadership/blog/2020-healthcare-industry-trends
Rapport, F., Hibbert, P., Baysari, M., Long, J. C., Seah, R., Zheng, W. Y., Jones, C., Preece, K., & Braithwaite, J. (2019). What Do Patients Really Want? An in-depth Examination of Patient Experience in Four Australian Hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3881-z
Trent, C. (2021). Enhancing Quality Primary & Specialty Care: Improving The Health Care Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) Patients at UPMC Community Medicine, Inc (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/id/eprint/40536
Vogenberg, F. R., & Santilli, J. (2018). Healthcare Trends for 2018. American Health & Drug Benefits, 11(1), 48–54.
Write 7-9 pages that compare different models of supply and demand, as well as analyze how legislation and reimbursement methods impact supply and demand for health care.
As we take a closer look at the demand side of economics, we will consider how need versus demand is different and how this impacts planning and policy in the health care environment. Demand is typically initiated by the patient; however, provider involvement significantly impacts demand. Since the patient is dependent on the provider for expertise and medical opinion, there is a risk that demand will be increased. This is unique to the health care industry since consumers are not typically as dependent on the supplier of a service in other industries when making a purchase.
Another important driver of demand is the insurance company. Patients initiate the health care service but are not responsible to pay the bill—and this has the potential to skew the demand curve. This is one of the ideas behind high-deductible health care and the effort to control the consumption of services by making the patient responsible for a higher percentage of the overall bill. Finally, you will be offered an opportunity to think about the implications of free medical care and how that may impact the demand for health care services.
Like the demand curve, the health care field presents unique and interesting challenges to the supply of health care. You will be introduced to the concept of economic efficiency and the impact of inefficiencies on cost. The production function will be further explored, which is the relationship between the output of a product or service compared to the resources used to produce it (Feldstein, 2012). Competition, market structure, market performance, and public policies as they relate to the supply of health care services will be discussed as well.
The evolution of health care insurance has impact aspects health care economics such as price competition, medical loss ratios, and risk. As you prepare to complete the assessment consider the role that copays, coinsurance, and deductibles play on the demand curve and reflect on your opinions related to the effectiveness of high-deductible health plans in controlling the demand of health care services.
Reference
Feldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics (7th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze historical perspectives and current trends in the health care industry.
Explain current legislative trends that influence the supply and demand of health care. Competency 2: Assess the United States health care system from an economic perspective.
Compare and contrast the demand of health care services with the demand of an automobile.
Compare and contrast the supply of health care services with the supply of an automobile. Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic reimbursement trends, methods, and technology.
Analyze reimbursement methods that influence the supply and demand of health care services.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. BHA FPX 4112 Assessment 2 Instructions: The Supply and Demand of Health Care
The basic economic laws of supply and demand do not work the same way in the health care industry as they do in other industries. A few of the contributing issues include: demand cannot be restricted to only those with an ability to pay since health care is considered a basic human right (need versus demand), demand is increased due to a third party (insurance or government) that pays for the service, and our supply is limited based on a highly skilled human resource variable (physicians).
In this assessment, you will consider these contributing issues and others that you identify in your research as they relate to the free market. Compare and contrast the laws of supply and demand of the health care industry with that of the automobile industry and explain how the economic structure of the health care industry is different from other industries. Reviewing the following media pieces may help to solidify your understanding of the economic concepts and industries relevant to this assessment.
Health Care Supply and Demand | Transcript. Supply, Demand, & Reimbursement | Transcript.
Also, make sure to consult the scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving at your desired rubric level.
Identify the key contributing factors that determine supply of health care
As you explore the physician services market and the hospital market, you will have an opportunity to explore concepts such as supplier-induced demand and cost shifting. The efficiency of physician and hospital services will be explored, as well as price competition of both physicians and hospitals. Since the price that a hospital or physician charges for services is rarely paid, you will have the opportunity to think about the relevance of price and why we even have prices today.
National health insurance is a highly debated topic in the United States. This assessment focus on creating an outline for a plausible national health insurance program, which will bring into consideration a number of factors, such as financing structure of national health insurance, and think about the advantages and disadvantages of a single-payer system, employee mandates, and refundable tax credits.
You will have an opportunity to look at our neighbor, Canada, and c
Create a 7-10 slide PowerPoint presentation that explains basic inventory management concepts and analyzes the current state of an organization’s inventory of pacemakers.
Health care operations is a complex topic, encompassing many aspects including (but not limited to) service locations, personnel, policy, leadership, finance, strategy, and quality. While the industry is generally viewed as a service industry, its systems are faced with complex operational challenges including supply chain, strategy, quality and project management, and service delivery. Given the changing landscape from a health reform and financial perspective, health care organizations must focus on improving their operations and improving efficiencies to remain competitive.
A component of the health care delivery process is the procurement, stocking, and dispensing of supplies. Within this process, opportunities exist to add value, reduce waste, and create standardization throughout the organization (Kros & Brown, 2013). Effective management of health care operations creates value for all stakeholders.
One way to potentially create value in operations is through inventory management. Whether you realize it or not, you are most likely familiar with the concept of inventory. For example, when you visit the grocery store perhaps they are out of your favorite ice cream, or, before you left home, maybe you took stock of your cupboards to determine what items you need to pick up on the grocery store trip. Both of these are everyday examples of the concept of inventory.
In health care, inventory management is vital for many reasons, including regulatory compliance and investment protection. When we think about the inventory of a health care organization, we must take into consideration items ranging from pots and pans to medical devices and surgical instruments (Kros & Brown, 2013).
Finance and accounting principles in health care operations and supply chain management are key concepts to understand, at least at a foundational level. At a minimum, health care professionals should be familiar with the basic components of financial statements and financial ratios utilized by health care organizations, as well as concepts related to the value of money. Over the years, the health care industry has been subject to several changes in reimbursement methodologies. Each methodology was implemented with the intent of addressing the concerns facing the industry at the time (fraud, quality, utilization, et cetera).
Current methodologies regulate the payment amount or payment rate that organizations will receive in return for treating each patient. Changes to these payment methods have had major financial implications for health care organizations (Kros & Brown, 2013). To remain fiscally responsible, health care professionals must streamline operations to ensure costs are managed, productivity is maximized, and resources are optimized (Kros & Brown, 2013). Outside of payroll and benefits, supplies and materials are close contenders for health care organizations’ highest expenses.
Regardless of whether you work in a clinical or non-clinical unit, it is imperative to understand how to read and understand the organization’s financial statements. In addition to financial statements, each department operates off of an annual budget. These budgets are established as financial guidelines for the department’s operations and always contain line items for materials and supplies.
Reference
Kros, J. F., & Brown, E. C. (2013). Health care operations and supply chain management: Operations, planning, and control. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Describe when and how the senior leader would directly impact health care operations.
Analyze leaders’ responsibilities in addressing the identified inventory recommendations. Competency 2: Analyze the impact of the various success factors of a health care organization.
Explain inventory control.
Competency 3: Analyze the concept of competitive strength by considering efficiency and effectiveness of organizational processes.
Describe options for inventory ordering.
Analyze the implications of having inventory control.
Competency 4: Apply management concepts to lead an efficient health care system.
Present findings based upon review of the EOQ and organizational data.
Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with health care professionals.
Write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
This assessment is based on the Vila Health: Pacemaker Inventory media simulation, which is linked in the Vila Health: Pacemaker Inventory section of Assessment 1. Go to that section to complete the scenario at this time. You will use the information you gather in this scenario, in which you assume the role of an inventory analyst, to provide context and information necessary for the assessment.
If you have questions about or would like to review tips on using PowerPoint, the following resources may be useful as you prepare to complete this assessment:
Guidelines for Effective PowerPoint Presentations [PPTX].
Microsoft Office Software Tutorials.
Based on the media simulation you completed, one of the directors has asked you to examine the the ordering, stocking, and use of pacemakers at the Peta King Heart Institute at St. Anthony Medical Center. In addition to your inventory investigation, you have been encouraged to research additional topics, such as inventory management, inventory control, inventory ordering systems, economic order quantity (EOQ) calculations, and inventory stocking techniques.
As you research, consider industries outside of health care, as techniques utilized in other industries may apply. After you have concluded your investigation and research, you have been asked to prepare a PowerPoint for the director to help them communicate with other stakeholders the basics of inventory control, the importance of having inventory control strategies, and the current state of the Peta King Heart Institute’s pacemaker inventory.
Your PowerPoint needs to address the following criteria. (Note: The questions under each criterion are there to help you think through each.)
You might want to (but do not have to) organize your presentation using the following outline:
Slide 1: Title of the presentation.
Slide 2: Overview of inventory control. Slide 3: Review of EOQ purpose and data.
Slide 4: Recommendations for inventory ordering. Slide 5: Leadership.
Slide 6: Implications.
Slide 7: Conclusions. Slide 8: Reference list.
Keep the design simple. Use Arial or Verdana font, size 24 point, at minimum.
Keep the slides concise. Use 5–7 bullet points per slide and 5–7 words per bullet. Use speaker notes to explicate the bullets. For best color contrast, use light text on dark background (for example, yellow on black, white on dark blue).
Use the proper slide layout. For example, if a slide has a title and text, create it using the correct Title and Text layout.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics
Related Assignments:
BHA-FPX4108 Assessment 2 Instructions: Potential Community Health Interventions
BHA-FPX4108 Assessment 3 Instructions: Recommend a Strategy
BHA-FPX4108 Assessment 4 Instructions: Community Health Action Plan
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a global health issue that has and is still threatening the health and well-being of communities globally, including Missouri City, Texas. While currently there is no treatment for COVID-19, different strategies exist that can be used to control the pandemic and minimize its impact on the community.
This essay evaluates some of those strategies that can be used to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the Missouri City community by exploring several aspects of the intervention, such as the social determinants affecting the people of Missouri City in relation to COVID-19, the appropriate treatment model for the disease and the wellness model suitable for the Missouri City community.
Missouri City is a city in Texas, USA, and exists within Houston-The Woodlands metropolitan area. It is mostly in Fort Bend County, with part of its area within Harris County. As of 2019, the city had a population of 74,557 people, residing within 78.72 square kilometers (United States Census Bureau, 2019)
Social determinants of health are either social or economic conditions that influence the health and wellbeing of a community (Darcis et al. 2020). Social determinants of health exist in two types, namely the physical environment and the social environment. While the COVID-19 disease always includes social determinants, some economic determinants are also available.
For instance, the people of Missouri City are outgoing – they engage in various social gathering activities such as church worships, music concerts, and family gatherings. Furthermore, the vibrant city of Missouri has several social places where people gather to engage in different activities such as shopping, drinking and partying. Since COVID-19 is an infectious disease, social distancing is important. However, maintaining social distance is problematic in Missouri City considering humans’ heavy reliance on social interaction.
But considering modern technology, people have different ways of achieving social interaction, such as social media chat and texting. Therefore, peoples’ interaction is limited to virtual interaction. However, various precautions have been made in a physical setting, the most common one being the six-meter rule. This encourages people to keep at least 1.5 meters distance from each other at any given time, thus minimizing the chance of the virus’ transmission (Word Health Organization, 2020).
Apart from the social distancing rule, other basic hygiene measures can be used to minimize the spread of COVID-19. These measures include regular hand cleaning with either hand washing or alcoholic hand rubbing agents, regular cleaning of surfaces, and covering one’s mouth when sneezing or coughing.
Moreover, potentially infected individuals are encouraged to test for COVID-19. Early testing is essential because it enables immediate treatment delivery and separation from the rest of the population (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020). Unfortunately, though, some individuals are asymptomatic, and therefore it would be difficult to tell the potentiality of transmitting the disease to others. Typically, asymptomatic individuals are those who have been infected but do not exhibit any symptoms (Afzal et al., 2021). This explains why it is important to maintain social distance.
Apart from being a socially vibrant population, a high proportion of Missourians are affected by various chronic diseases that increase their risk of getting COVID-19 infection. For instance, according to 2011 statistics, 30.2% of Missourians were obese while 34.3% of them had hypertension. Moreover, as per Yun et al. (2013), 39.7% of the Missouri population were diagnosed with high cholesterol, while 1.7% were diagnosed with diabetes.
These statistics reveal the extent to which some members of the Missouri community are not only exposed to COVID-19 infection but also experience healthcare burdens that would worsen their health outcomes. The duty of care for those with underlying conditions would worsen if they contract COVID-19, affecting their ability to afford healthcare. There needs to be a COVID-19 prevention model that protects this population from COVID-19.
Treatment models are useful in treating infections based on the patient’s current situation (Indini et al. 2020). They represent an actual treatment for the disease and are often executed with the consideration of the patient’s current condition. Because the main COVID-19 symptom is fever, most locations conduct a temperature check on people before accessing the premises.
This is useful in containing the virus from spreading in public places (Darcis et al. 2020). However, temperature check as a treatment model is not the most efficient way of handling COVID-19. With the increasing number of infections in Missouri City, there needs to be a constant revision of the treatment models to facilitate rapid containment of the disease.
Wellness models seek to help communities and individuals avoid disease transmission before their health is compromised. As per Wilder-Smith and Freedman (2020), this includes creating public awareness and policy guidelines. Nonetheless, the treatment and wellness models must be integrated and coordinated for the disease to be effectively contained.
Fundamentally, the wellness model seeks to enable community members to take proper actions and precautions towards protecting their health and wellbeing. One of the most critical components of this public awareness, whereby the public is sensitized on the various ways of preventing infection. Furthermore, public awareness encourages people to follow the set guidelines to stay healthy – for example, encouraging people to get tested in case they suspect an infection.
But the strategy of early testing is not always effective because, in some cases, an individual may test negative but later get exposed to the virus. Another disadvantage of early testing model is that many testing facilities will not test individuals unless they display symptoms. This is especially an issue because some people are asymptomatic. As such, according to Darcis et al. (2020), the asymptomatic individuals remain untested but go ahead to infect others.
The application of treatment and wellness models is a common and essential strategy for dealing with infectious diseases that threaten the lives of individuals. The models are fundamentally designed and executed to protect the health and wellbeing of both local and international communities. However, as governments and healthcare organizations coordinate to develop treatment and wellness models, the responsibility of containing the diseases ultimately lies on the people – based on their actions and response to the developed models.
Social distancing and basic hygiene practices are some of the most common actions that can help contain the spread of COVID-19 in Missouri City. Fortunately, technology has enabled communities and individuals to interact even without being together physically. Most importantly, the community must work together to prevent COVID-19 from causing a decline in their health condition.
Afzal, I., Abdul Raheem, R., Rafeeq, N., & Moosa, S. (2021). Contact tracing for containment of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the early phase of the epidemic in the Maldives. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(1), 131-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520956447
Darcis, G., Vaira, D., & Moutschen, M. (2020). Impact of coronavirus pandemic and containment measures on HIV diagnosis. Epidemiology & Infection, 148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001867
Indini, A., Aschele, C., Cavanna, L., Clerico, M., Daniele, B., Fiorentini, G., … & Grossi, F. (2020). Reorganisation of medical oncology departments during the novel coronavirus disease-19 pandemic: a nationwide Italian survey. European Journal of Cancer, 132, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.024
Indini, A., Aschele, C., Cavanna, L., Clerico, M., Daniele, B., Fiorentini, G., Fioretto, L., Giordano, M., Montesarchio, V., Ortega, C., Pinotti, G., Scanni, A., Zamagni, C., Blasi, L. & Grossi, F. (2020). Reorganisation of medical oncology departments during the novel coronavirus disease-19 pandemic: a nationwide Italian survey. European Journal of Cancer, 132(), 17–23.
United States Census Bureau (2019). 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files. Retrieved January 4, 2022
Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine. https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/27/2/taaa020/5735321
World Health Organization. (2020). Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (?? COVID-19)??: interim guidance, 19 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/IHR_Quarantine/2020.2). World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331497
Yun, S., Kayani, N., Homan, S., Li, J., Pashi, A., McBride, D., & Wilson, J. (2013). The burden of chronic diseases in Missouri: progress and challenges. Missouri medicine, 110(6), 505–511. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179805/
Create a 4-6-page analysis for two potential approaches to address a specific health problem in a community of your choosing.
Medical education in the United States has been deemed inadequate to properly train health care professionals in public health and prevention (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Current medical education systems focus on the treatment of acute medical conditions versus the prevention of diseases (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Experts agree that, to improve population health in our country, medical education programs must be redesigned to include new skills and approaches in preventative care; however, the same experts disagree on the best way to do this (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016).
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has developed and proposed a set of core competencies for all health care providers to ensure adequate care and address the health care needs of our communities. These competencies include: providing patient-centered care, working in interdisciplinary teams, employing evidence-based practices, applying quality improvement, and utilizing informatics (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Other recommendations have been put forward; however, adoption of these recommendations has been slow to emerge.
In the past, the typical patient care model comprised:
A patient seeking services.
A provider diagnosing and treating an acute concern.
The patient complying with the treatment recommendations or not.
Today, patient engagement and advocacy are increasing in focus. As provider reimbursement methodologies shift to pay for performance and the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and patients demand higher-quality services at a lower cost, patient engagement is a critical variable to improved patient outcomes.
The patient engagement framework was developed to assist in the study of patient engagement. The framework consists of five steps and will be examined in this unit (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016):
Inform Me: providers educate patients and help them understand care
Engage Me: providers interact with patients to improve
Empower Me: patients become a part of the care
Partner with Me: the provider and patient partner in shared care
Support my E-Community: the community is included in the network of patient
The above framework illustrates one way in which population health strives to shift our focus from a reactive treatment model to a proactive wellness model (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). For your future reference, each type of model can be briefly defined as:
Treatment models provide care to patients who exhibit a problem.
Wellness models take proactive steps to prevent development of a problem.
Reference
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., & Clarke, J. L. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Competency 1: Integrate principles of epidemiology, population health, and community engagement to plan interventions.
Assess how social determinants affect individuals in relation to a specific health problem.
Competency 2: Differentiate and evaluate evidence-based treatment models and prevention models designed to promote wellness and disease management for population health.
Assess an evidence-based treatment model that addresses a health need.
Assess an evidence-based wellness model for preventing development of a future health problem.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Note: It is recommended that you complete the assessments in this course in the order they are presented.
For this assessment, select one of the three specific health-improvement needs you identified in the Analyze Community Health Needs assessment. Once you have selected the health-improvement need you want to focus on, complete the following:
Conduct research on your chosen health improvement need and identify two possible approaches to address the problem in your community
One approach may be the same one that you identified in your Analyze Community Health Needs assessment, or you can select two new approaches.
Research how other communities are addressing your chosen need and locate relevant data.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may be a good place to start.
Complete the suggested Community Health Strategies activity if you want to check your knowledge about specific models and strategies for community health initiatives such as education, intervention, prevention, and treatment.
Examine potential interventions for the health-improvement need you selected during your preparation and compile a 4–6-page analysis. As previously stated, you must report on two possible approaches, one of which may be from those you identified in your Analyze Community Health Needs assessment.
For the purposes of this assessment, each intervention approach must be evidence based. Also, one intervention must be based on a treatment model and the other, a wellness model. For the purposes of this assessment, use these brief definitions when determining which model an intervention would be categorized as:
Treatment models provide care to patients who exhibit a problem.
Wellness models take proactive steps to prevent development of a problem.
Consult the scoring guide to ensure that you are addressing all criteria at the level to which you desire. Include the following in your analysis:
Assess how social determinants affect individuals in relation to a specific health problem.
Restate the specific health-improvement need that you are researching.
Restate the relevant characteristics of the affected community with regards to your chosen health improvement need. Identify the most relevant social determinants with regards to your chosen health need.
How do they impact individuals in the community?
How do these impacts affect the health and ability to seek out treatment of individuals?
What inequities with regards to social determinants exist between specific populations in the community?
Why is it important to acknowledge these inequities when determining interventions to improve a population health issue?
Assess an evidence-based treatment model that addresses a population health need.
Describe an evidence-based treatment model to address the health need.
Be explicit in your descriptions, pointing out the identifying characteristics of the model.
How can you tell that the model belongs in the treatment model category?
Explain why the treatment-based model is a potentially effective intervention for your identified health need. Comment on advantages and disadvantages of the treatment model.
Assess an evidence-based wellness model for preventing development of a future population-health problem.
Describe an evidence-based wellness model to prevent future development of the health problem. Be explicit in your descriptions, pointing out the identifying characteristics of the model.
How can you tell that the model belongs in the wellness model category?
Explain why the wellness-based model is a potentially effective intervention for your identified health need. Comment on advantages and disadvantages of the wellness mode.
BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross
Late Nite Labs
Genetics of Corn
SHORT ANSWER
Lab Results
Total
Data Analysis
BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross
3. Use the data you collected in Experiment 1 to calculate the percentage of each phenotype.
4. Suppose you observed 240 progeny that resulted from a monohybrid cross and involved genes that obeyed Mendelian
inheritance, how many heterozygous progeny would you expect to observe?
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Lab Results
Fill in the table below with the data you collected during Experiment 2.
Total
Data Analysis
Fill in the following table with the percentage of each type of kernel.
Phenotype
Purple, Smooth
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Proportion of Progeny
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According to your results in Experiment 2, what would be the correct hypothesis to test to see if the traits were inherited through Mendelian genetics? Record this answer for use in a later question BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross.
For the cross in Experiment 2, how many degrees of freedom are there? Record this answer for use in a later question.
Determine the ?2 value for Experiment 2 using the following equation. Record your answer for use in a later question.
Phenotype
(OE) 2
(OE)
(OE) 2/E
Sum
Use the degrees of freedom and ?2 value from earlier questions to determine the p value for Experiment 2 using the table of critical values for ?2 . Record your answer for use in a later question. BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross
Conclusions
1. Use the hypothesis, degrees of freedom, ?2 , and p value determined in earlier questions to conclude whether corn #2 is
following Mendelian genetics. Explain your reasoning.
2. If you crossed Cat #1 and Cat #2 and observed two unlinked traits that follow Mendelian genetics, what must the genotype
and phenotype of Cat #2 be?
Hair length:
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Coat color:
In a test population of 1000 people, 200 display albinism. You hypothesize that this trait follows Mendelian genetics with a 3:1 ratio of nonalbinism to albinism. Use the ?2 test to determine whether the data support the hypothesis or not. Show your steps and explain your reasoning.
?2 = ? [(O – E)2 /E where O is the observed number of individuals in a defined class, and E is the expected number of individuals in a defined class based on the hypothesis. The ? symbol indicates that you should sum the results for each defined class.
BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross Sources
Pierce et al., Genetics 2nd Edition.
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Read Also:
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BIO 111 – Genetics of Corn Experiment 1 A Monohybrid Cross
Create a 12-18-slide presentation for community stakeholders in which you recommend a strategy to address a community health need.
As the needs of the patient population change, the United States health care system remains relatively unchanged. Episodes of care are still relatively low in frequency and high in acuity (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Models of care must be changed. Treatments of chronic health conditions and preventative strategies require more frequent visits at a lower intensity (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Continuity of care and care transitions maintain an ongoing, consistent contact with patients throughout their lives, not only when they are ill (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016).
A population health perspective that focuses on chronic health conditions and prevention is needed to improve care transitions (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs) are two models emerging from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that help focus on chronic diseases and population health (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016).
An underlying assumption in version population and patient-centered models is that patients will adhere to the plan they develop with their provider; however, some behaviors may be difficult for patients to change. Unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and drug use have negative implications for health.
Although many patients want to change their diet and exercise behaviors, many find it extremely difficult to do so. Health care providers must work with patients to understand what causes patients to exhibit certain behaviors and how they can be motivated to change these behaviors (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016).
The American Marketing Association (AMA) (2017) defines marketing as the processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging products and services for key stakeholders and society in general. The “4 Ps”—product, place, price, and promotion—are the primarily elements of marketing. Unlike a traditional consumer product such as an automobile, a health care “product” is more difficult to define.
In population health, an example of a product could be training health care providers to reduce obesity across the population. The place refers to where the health care service will be provided, such as an office, the home of a patient, or a community health center.
The price consists of two components: 1) the actual out-of-pocket price the consumer must pay for the service and 2) the opportunity cost, such as convenience. Finally, promotion refers to the method that is used to disseminate the message such as radio, TV, print and, most recently, social media and the Internet (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, & Clarke, 2016). To achieve the goals of population health, community needs must first be assessed and the health care “marketing mix” tailored to the needs of that community.
American Marketing Association (AMA). (2017). About AMA: Definition of marketing. Retrieved from https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of- Marketing.aspx
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., & Clarke, J. L. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Competency 1: Integrate principles of epidemiology, population health, and community engagement to plan interventions.
Assess the target audience for recommended community health strategies.
Recommend strategies to mobilize community engagement including a promotion strategy and use of social media and information technology.
Competency 3: Create an action plan to promote wellness and disease management in a diverse population.
Define SMART goals for implementation of a community health need intervention. Analyze collaboration required to implement a community health strategy.
Recommend potential sources of funding and other resources.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care professionals.
Employ appropriate written and visual communication to convey content to an intended audience. Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.
Note: It is recommended that you complete the assessments in this course in the order they are presented.
In this assessment, you will be creating a PowerPoint presentation to deliver to one or more groups of community stakeholders. You will recommend
a strategy to address the community health need you have been working with throughout the Analyze Community Health Needs and Potential Community Health Interventions assessments. You will focus on the strategy that best fits the needs of the target population within the context of the community and organization you have been using as the setting for your assessments.
To help prepare yourself to be successful when creating your PowerPoint, it is recommended that you complete the following:
Determine the single, best strategy to implement in your community. This should be one of the two interventions you identified and wrote about for your Potential Community Health Interventions assessment.
Determine which community stakeholders would be the best target audience for the PowerPoint.
Think about which populations or groups within the community will be receiving the intervention. Think about which stakeholders are vital for successful implementation of your chosen intervention.
Ensure you have an understanding on how to create a quality PowerPoint presentation. Capella’s Microsoft Office Software help page offers a number of guides and resources.
Contact Disability Services to request accommodations if you require the use of assistive technology or alternative communication methods to participate in these activities.
Create an 8–12 slide PowerPoint to inform and create buy-in from the stakeholder groups you have determined are key to your chosen intervention’s success. These groups include those who influence decisions for funding and implementation, as well as those who would take direct roles in implementation.
As you work to determine the single, best strategy to implement for your chosen health need in the identified population (or populations) in your community, focus on how this presentation can narrow the focus from a broad population need to specific, actionable tasks that community stakeholders must consider before creating an action plan. In your presentation, be sure to consider factors such as educational outreach, financial considerations, and information technology.
Consult the scoring guide to ensure that you are addressing all criteria at the level to which you desire. In your PowerPoint, be sure to complete the following.
Assess the target audience for recommended community-health strategies. Define SMART goals for implementation of a community-health need intervention.
You may wish work through the Evidence-Based Strategies and SMART Goals activity to check your understanding about the various characteristics of well-written SMART goals.
Analyze collaboration required to implement a community-health strategy.
Recommend strategies to mobilize community engagement, including a promotion strategy and use of social media and information technology. Recommend potential sources of funding and other resources.
Employ appropriate written and visual communication to convey content to an intended audience. Apply proper APA formatting and style.
One potential way you could organize your PowerPoint would be as follows:
Title slide: On the first slide of the PowerPoint, include:
A descriptive title of approximately 5–15 words. Stir interest while maintaining professional decorum. Professional Development for [enter the institutional context for your presentation].
Your name.
Your specialization. Course number and title. Capella University.
Instructor’s name.
Your Stakeholder Analysis in the notes section below.
Note: If this presentation were made in a professional context, the entries under your name would be replaced by your job title, the name of your organization, and (perhaps) your contact information.
Many of you have spent hours thinking about why human beings exist. Most of you are very satisfied with the biblical answers to that question. However, entertain this question for a few moments: Why do all the life forms other than man exist? Why are they all here? Our experienced nursing essay writers will handle all your writing needs including
Evaluate and analyze the arguments in the presentation “Biblical Basis of Life’s Significance,” found in the Reading & Study folder of Module/Week 1. Construct a single sentence of 40 words or less. Include within it 4 carefully crafted and concise phrases that argue that life forms other than man are significant—they were worth creating. Start your sentence with the words:
“Life forms are significant because…”
Then add the 4 phrases, separating each with a comma. Order your phrases such that the most significant comes first and the least significant comes last.
Your assignment:
1. Write out your masterful sentence.
2. The sentence must be submitted through the appropriate assignment link and must not be submitted as an attached document, but entered into the text box provided.
Bibliography
Liberty University. (n.d.). Life is significant [Presentation]. Retrieved from https://learnadmin.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-12568742-dt-content-rid-101909912_1/xid-101909912_1.
Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 1.BIOL101 Principles of Biology INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1