NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 1 Developing a Health Care Perspective Case Study: To Vaccinate or not Vaccin

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 1 Developing a Health Care Perspective Case Study: To Vaccinate or not Vaccinate Children Example Paper

Child vaccination is a widely accepted routine worldwide. However, there are ethical considerations that involve a balance between a parent’s right in allowing vaccination or their children and the benefits to public health emanating from vaccination of children. While healthcare givers are alive to the benefits of vaccination of children, they have to contend with the right of children to accept or refuse a vaccine.

It is the responsibility of health professionals to clarify to patients the merits they stand to gain from a vaccine and why it is necessary. For example, it is unethical and unreasonable to administer a vaccine to a child when they/their parents have no understanding of the vaccine. It is recommended that such health workers should explain to parents why their children a vaccine and what they stand to lose if their child does not get the jab.

Case Overview

The case scenario, dubbed incident 10 talks about the Smiths family and their five-year old daughter Ana. The Smith’s take their child Ana to their pediatrician to discuss whether or not to vaccinate their daughter. The Smiths’ were concerned about rising number of cases of autism in vaccinated children. They are concerned that vaccinating their child might result in autism-something they would want to avoid at all costs.

Both Ana’s mother and father have prior education/information regarding importance of child vaccination. They have also widely researched this issue through online search on blogs and other social media sites. Being a trained medical professional, Dr. Kerr listened keenly to the concerns presented to him by the Smiths ‘before giving his informed opinion/recommendation about the need to have children vaccinated.

Dr. Kerr told the Smiths’ that the consequences of not vaccinating a child are far too severe compared to vaccinating a child. According to Dr. Kerr, there is no study that directly confirms or link vaccination to autism. On the contrary, the Dr. informed the Smiths’ that there are studies that prove that there is no connection between autism spectrum disorder and vaccination.

Dr. Kerr informed the Smith family that the federal government keeps track of any and all adverse effects that may come from a vaccine. Through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, the government tracks all vaccines as well as get feedback from people about any incidence from a vaccine. The Dr. explained to the Smiths’ that growing hesitation, opposition and uncertainty about childhood vaccines has created a resurgence of cases of vaccine-preventable diseases and illnesses. In the end, despite Dr. Kerr’s efforts to educate the Smiths’ on the importance of child vaccination. The Smiths’ chose not to vaccinate their daughter.

Ethical Issues in the Case Study

In the case study provided, Dr. Kerr faces a big dilemma after the Smiths’ family refused to vaccinate their daughter. Dr. Kerr knows that the refusal of the Smiths’ to have their daughter Ana vaccinated based on negative rumors is bad for the child.  By refusing to have their child vaccinated, the Smiths’ expose their child to dangerous diseases that are easily contained by a simple vaccination process. Refusal to vaccinate Ana exposes her to debilitating illnesses such as measles, mumps, polio, and meningitis.

Measles leads to swelling of the brain that can damage it and result in death while mumps can lead to permanent deafness. On its part, meningitis also leads to deafness and brain damage, while polio leads to permanent paralysis. These are some of the risks that the Smiths’ expose their daughter Ana by refusing to her get vaccinated. The Smiths’ are not only exposing their child to medical implications but also social implications such as exclusion and quarantine during disease outbreaks.

Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case Study

Based on the Smith’s case study, moral judgment, moral behavior, and moral awareness are critical components of an ethical decision-making model. Concerning ethical awareness, the doctor, or any other healthcare professional faced with a similar situation must be alive to the existence of a dilemma. Regarding ethical judgment, the doctor must make the right judgments based on the situation at hand (Stenmark, et al., 2021). Ethical behavior is taking the right action to remedy the situation.

Based on the context of the Smiths’ family, it is incumbent upon Dr. Kerr to recognize that the Smiths’ family lack proper information and education regarding child vaccine. The Smiths’ are also not adequately aware of the risks they expose their daughter and other children by refusing to vaccinate Ana. The ethical behavior Dr. Kerr must adopt is to fully convince the Smiths’ to accept to have their daughter Ana vaccinated.

Effective Communication Approach

When she was presented with the problem, Dr. Kerr listened keenly and patiently to the Smiths’ as they narrated their dilemma. She listened all through out to how the Smiths’ arrived at the conclusion not to vaccinate their child Ana. Through active listening, Dr. Kerr was able to get the whole information from the Smiths’ and give them an informed response based on their dilemma.

Apart from keenly listening to the Smiths, Dr. Kerr also restrained herself from forcing or coercing Ana’s parent’s to get her vaccinated. This is a good professional behavior from the doctor because she knows that she has to respect a patient’s/client’s wishes and not imposing her own will on them even if she is right (Rainer et al., 2018).

Forcing or coercing the Smiths’ to have Ana vaccinated would have resulted in the exact opposite of her good intentions. For example, forceful vaccination or vaccinating Ana without her parent’s approval would have made the Smiths’ to lose faith in healthcare. Her approach of offering more information and education on child vaccine was more professional and bound to make the Smiths’ come to reason.

Applying Ethical Principles to Resolve Ethical Dilemma

The principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are key factors integral to resolving dilemmas when making decisions. Going by the case study of the Smiths’ family, Dr. Kerr clearly applied the principle of autonomy by giving the Smiths’ the opportunity to make their own decision after educating them and informing them of the consequences of not vaccinating their daughter.

Dr. Kerr also shows beneficence when she advises the Smiths to have their daughter vaccinated- her intentions are good for the patient. However, the Smiths’ action of refusing to have their daughter immunized despite having first-hand information from a qualified professional lacks beneficence as this action will harm their daughter. Concerning nonmaleficence, Dr. Kerr did not harm the patient in any way but to offer critical information that could save the life of Ana.

Conclusion

Healthcare professionals face situations of ethical dilemmas every day in their work. It is the responsibility of these healthcare professionals to know and understand the core principles of decision-making. Having understood the core principles of decision-making, the healthcare professionals must use them and apply them in making-critical decisions based on the conditions and situations faced by their patients/clients. The solutions offered must respect and observe the principles of autonomy, justice beneficence, and nonmaleficence.

References

Rainer, J., Schneider, J. K., & Lorenz, R. A. (2018). Ethical dilemmas in nursing: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(19-20), 3446-3461.

Stenmark, C. K., Redfearn, R. A., & Kreitler, C. M. (2021). Self-efficacy and ethical decision-making. Ethics & Behavior, 31(5), 301-320.

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 1 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional by applying ethical principles. Describe the issues and a possible solution in a 3-5-page paper.

Introduction

Whether you are a nurse, a public health professional, a health care administrator, or in another role in the health care field, you must base your decisions on a set of ethical principles and values. Your decisions must be fair, equitable, and defensible. Each discipline has established a professional code of ethics to guide ethical behavior. In this assessment, you will practice working through an ethical dilemma as described in a case study. Your practice will help you develop a method for formulating ethical decisions.

Also Read:

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 2

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 1: Apply information literacy and library research skills to obtain scholarly information in the field of health care.
  • Apply academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to an ethical problem or issue as evidence to support an analysis of the case.
• Competency 3: Apply ethical principles and academic standards to the study of health care.
  • Summarize the facts in a case study and use the three components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze an ethical problem or issue and the factors that contributed to it.
  • Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.
  • Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by a professional to deal with problems or issues involving ethical practice in a case study.
  • Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to an ethical problem or issue described in a case study.
• Competency 4: Write for a specific audience, in appropriate tone and style, in accordance with Capella’s writing standards.
  • Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
  • Write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 1 Developing a Health Care Perspective Instructions

Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum, be sure to address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

For this assessment, develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional. In your assessment:

1. Access the Ethical Case Studies media piece to review the case studies you will be using for this assessment.
   • Select the case most closely related to your area of interest and use it to complete the assessment.
     • Note: The case study may not supply all of the information you need. In such cases, you should consider a variety of possibilities and infer potential conclusions. However, please be sure to identify any assumptions or speculations you make.
   • Include the selected case study in your reference list, using proper APA Style and Format.
2. Summarize the facts in a case study and use the three components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze an ethical problem or issue and the factors that contributed to it.
   • Identify which case study you selected and briefly summarize the facts surrounding it. Identify the problem or issue that presents an ethical dilemma or challenge and describe that dilemma or challenge.
   • Identify who is involved or affected by the ethical problem or issue.
   • Access the Ethical Decision-Making Model media piece and use the three components of the ethical decision-making model (moral awareness, moral judgment, and ethical behavior) to analyze the ethical issues.
     • Apply the three components outlined in the Ethical Decision-Making Model media.
   • Analyze the factors that contributed to the ethical problem or issue identified in the case study.
     • Describe the factors that contributed to the problem or issue and explain how they contributed.

3. Apply academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to an ethical problem or issue as evidence to support an analysis of the case.
   • In addition to the readings provided, use the Capella library to locate at least one academic peer-reviewed journal article relevant to the problem or issue that you can use to support your analysis of the situation. The How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles? library guide will help you locate appropriate references.
     • Cite and apply key principles from the journal article as evidence to support your critical thinking and analysis of the ethical problem or issue.
     • Review the Think Critically About Source Quality
       • Assess the credibility of the information source.
       • Assess the relevance of the information source.

4. Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.
   • Describe how the health care professional in the case study communicated with others.
   • Assess instances where the professional communicated effectively or ineffectively.
   • Explain which communication approaches should be used and which ones should be avoided.
   • Describe the consequences of using effective and non-effective communication approaches.
5. Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by a professional to deal with problems or issues involving ethical practice in a case study.
   • Describe the actions taken in response to the ethical dilemma or issue presented in the case study.
   • Summarize how well the professional managed professional responsibilities and priorities to resolve the problem or issue in the case.
   • Discuss the key lessons this case provides for health care professionals.
6. Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to an ethical problem or issue described in a case study.
   • Describe the proposed solution.
   • Discuss how the approach makes this professional more effective or less effective in building relationships across disciplines within his or her organization.
   • Discuss how likely it is the proposed solution will foster professional collaboration.
7. Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
   • Apply the principles of effective composition.
   • Determine the proper application of the rules of grammar and mechanics.
8. Write using APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.
   • Determine the proper application of APA formatting requirements and scholarly writing standards.
   • Integrate information from outside sources into academic writing by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, following APA style

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 2 Capella

SOCRATIC PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH https://campus.capella.edu/web/critical-thinking/b…

Create a 3-5-page annotated bibliography and summary based on your research related to best practices addressing a current health care problem or issue of interest to you.

In your professional life you will need to find credible evidence to support your decisions and your plans of action. You will want to keep abreast of best practices to help your organization adapt to the ever-changing health care environment.

Being adept at research will help you find the information you need. For this assessment, you will select and research a current health care problem or issue faced by a health care organization.

Demonstration of Proficiency

Instructions

Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum, be sure to address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review the performance level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

For this assessment, you will research best practices related to a current health care problem. Your selected problem or issue will be utilized again in Assessment 3. To explore your chosen topic, you should use the first two steps of the Socratic Problem-Solving Approach to aid your critical thinking.

1. View the Assessment Topic Areas| Transcript media piece and select one of the health care problems or issues in the media piece to research. Write a brief overview of the selected topic. In your overview:

• 1. • Describe the health care problem or issue.
     • Describe your interest in the topic.
     • Describe any professional experience you have with this topic.

2. Conduct a search for scholarly or academic peer-reviewed literature related to the topic and describe the criteria you used to search for articles, including the names of the databases you used.

• 1. • You will want to access the applicable Undergraduate Library Research Guide related to your degree (found at the NHS Learner Success Lab) for tips to help you in your search.
     • Use keywords related to the health care problem or issue you are researching to select relevant articles.

3. Assess the credibility of the information sources you find.

• 1. • Determine if the source is from an academic peer-reviewed journal.
     • Determine if the publication is current.
     • Determine if information in the academic peer-reviewed journal article is still relevant.

4. Select four current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published during the past three to five years that relate to your topic.
5. Explain the relevance of the information sources.

• 1. • Describe how the health care problem or issue is addressed in each source.
     • Discuss what kind of contribution each source provides on your selected topic.

6. Analyze the scholarly literature or academic peer-reviewed journal articles using the annotated bibliography organizational format.

• 1. • The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to document a list of references along with key information about each one. The detail about the reference is the annotation. Developing this annotated bibliography will create a foundation of knowledge about the selected topic.
     • List the full reference for the source in APA format (author, date, title, publisher, et cetera) and use APA format for the annotated bibliography.
     • Make sure the references are listed in alphabetical order, are double-spaced, and use hanging indents.
     • Follow the reference with the annotation.

7. In your annotation:

• 1. • Identify the purpose of the article.
     • Summarize the source:

• 1. 1. • What are the main arguments?
        • What topics are covered?
     2. Include the conclusions and findings of the article.
     3. Write your annotation in a paragraph form. The annotation should be approximately 150 words (1 to 3 paragraphs) in length.

8. In a separate paragraph or two at the end of the paper, summarize what you learned from your research.

• 1. 1. List the main points you learned from your research.
     2. Summarize the main contributions of the sources you chose and how they enhanced your knowledge about the topic.

Example Assessment: You may use the following to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like:

• • Assessment 2 Example [PDF].

Additional Requirements

• 1. Length: At least 3–5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.
  2. Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
  3. APA Template: Use the APA template linked in the resources. Use the APA Style Paper Template [DOCX] as the paper format and the APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX] for guidance.
  4. Written communication: Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
  5. Content: Provide a title page and reference page following APA style.
  6. References: Use at least four scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles.
  7. APA format: Follow current APA guidelines for in-text citation of outside sources in the body of your paper and also on the reference page.

Note: Review the Applying Research Skills Scoring Guide for the grading criteria applied to this assessment.

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 2 Topic Areas

Selecting a topic for your written assessments can be challenging, but it’s important to make a thoughtful choice.

Choose a topic area of interest to you from the topic suggestions in this media piece. You will use this topic to complete Assessments 2 and 3. Be sure to select a topic that will be manageable for a written assessment.

To explore the chosen topic, you should use the Socratic Problem-Solving Approach, focusing on the sections specifically called out in the assessment guidelines.

NHS-FPX4000 Topic 1: Limited Access to Healthcare

Short Description:

Consumers face barriers to healthcare access for assorted reasons. For example: due to geographic location, provider availability, transportation issues and mobility.

Potential Intervention Approaches:

• Healthcare information online
• Telemedicine
• In–home healthcare services

Keywords for Articles:

online health information seeking, health care access, health information systems, consumer health information, chronic disease, health information search, health seeking behavior, rural nursing

references:

Bhandari, N. (2014). Seeking health information online: does limited healthcare access matter? Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA (1067-5027), 21 (6), p. 1113. https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.library.capella.edu/pmc/articles/PMC4215038/

Lee, K., Hoti, K., Hughes, J. D., & Emmerton, L. (2014). Dr Google and the Consumer: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Navigational Needs and Online Health Information-Seeking Behaviors of Consumers with Chronic Health Conditions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(12), e262. http://doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.2196/jmir.3706

Ware, P., Bartlett, S. J., Paré, G., Symeonidis, I., Tannenbaum, C., Bartlett, G., … Ahmed, S. (2017). Using eHealth Technologies: Interests, Preferences, and Concerns of Older Adults. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 6(1), e3. http://doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.2196/ijmr.4447

Pratt, D. (2015). Telehealth and telemedicine. Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology. (1059-4280), 25 (3), p. 495. http://www.lexisnexis.com.library.capella.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?shr=t&csi=148364&sr=TITLE(%22Telehealth+telemedicine+in+2015%22)+and+date+is+2015

Topic 2: Healthcare Disparities

Short Description:

In 2010, the Federal Department of Human and Health Service (DHHS) launched the Healthy People 2020 goals to include a goal to eliminate health inequality/disparity.

Healthy People 2020 defines a health disparity as “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.

Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity;

geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion” (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2017, p.1).

Potential Intervention Approaches:

• Federal goals
• Community health improvement plans
• Patient advocacy efforts
• “Triple Aim” for populations

Keywords for Articles:

health disparities, community health assessment, community health improvement plan, strategic planning, local health departments, health inequities

References:

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2017). Disparities. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/disparities

Shah G.H., & Sheahan J.P. (2016). Local health departments’ activities to address health disparities and inequities: Are we moving in the right direction? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):44. http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/1/44

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2017). Triple Aim for Populations. http://www.ihi.org/Topics/TripleAim/Pages/Overview.aspx

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 2 Topic 3: Medication Errors

Short Description:

A medication error is a preventable adverse effect of a patient taking the wrong medication or dosage, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. Medication errors can be a source of serious patient harm, including death.

Potential Intervention Approaches:

• Medical staff education
• Packaging improvements
• Patient medication safety training

Keywords for Articles:

medication administration, medication errors, medication safety

References:

Cohen, M. (2016). Medication errors (miscellaneous). Nursing. 46(2):72, February 2016. DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000476239.09094.06

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2017). Improve Core Processes for Administering Medications. http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Changes/ImproveCoreProcessesforAdministeringMedications.aspx

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2012). Table 6: Categories of Medication Error Classification. http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/patient-safety-resources/resources/match/matchtab6.html

Schmidt, K., Taylor, A., & Pearson, A. (2017). Reduction of medication errors: A unique approach. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 32(2), April/June 2017, 150–156.

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 2 Topic 4: Healthcare System Errors

Short Description: 

The health care system in the United States has been the subject of much debate as experts try to determine the best way to deliver high-quality care.

In Crossing the Quality Chasm, the Institute of Medicine (2001) called for the redesign of health care delivery systems and their external environments to promote care that is safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable.

Potential Intervention Approaches:

• Systemwide transformation
• Process redesign
• Electronic health records

Keywords for Articles:

multi-stakeholder collaboration, healthcare system redesign

References:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

(2017). Hospitals and Health Systems. http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/systems/index.html

Roberts, B. (2017). Relationship-based care: The institute of medicine’s core competencies in action. Creative Nursing, 05/2016, 22(2).

Credits

1. Subject Matter Expert: Joan Vermillion
2. Interactive Design: Lori Olson
3. Media Instructional Design: Felicity Pearson
4. Instructional Design: Celina Byers
5. Project Manager: Alan Campbell

Resources: Research and Annotated Bibliographies

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Content

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• How do you approach a problem or issue within your organization? How often do you need credible information to solve a personal or professional problem? Credible information is information that is trustworthy.
• One of the best sources for credible information is the professional literature of the field you are studying; in your case, health care.
• Professional literature is research that has been written and reviewed by other people in your field.

The following resources can help you as you complete your research and seek out professional literature on a health care topic.

• • Gennaro, S. (2016). Why write? Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(2), 117.
  • National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2017). Evidence-based practice and health technology assessment. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hsrinfo/evidence_based_practice.html
  • Rollins, J. A. (2017). Healthcare: It’s “so complicated.” Pediatric Nursing, 43(2), 58, 102.

Each of the following Research Guides is written with a specific program in mind. The one for your program can provide insights about researching topics related to your field.

• • Nursing (BSN) Library Research Guide.
  • Public Health Undergraduate Library Research Guide.
  • Health Care Administration Undergraduate Library Research Guide.

The following resources provide specific information about annotated bibliographies.

• • What Not To Do: Source Material for the Annotated Bibliography | Transcript.
  • Sample Annotated Bibliography [PDF].

NHS-FPX4000 Assessment 3 Analyzing a Current Healthcare Problem or Issue Instructions

• Write a 4-6 page analysis of a current problem or issue in health care, including a proposed solution and possible ethical implications.

Introduction

In your health care career, you will be confronted with many problems that dema

Solution: